Finding effective ways of conserving large carnivores is widely recognised as a priority in conservation. However, there is\uddisagreement about the most effective way to do this, with some favouring top-down ‘command and control’ approaches\udand others favouring collaboration. Arguments for coercive top-down approaches have been presented elsewhere; here\udwe present arguments for collaboration. In many parts of the developed world, flexibility of approach is built into the\udlegislation, so that conservation objectives are balanced with other legitimate goals. In the developing world, limited\udresources, poverty and weak governance mean that collaborative approaches are likely to play a particularly important\udpart in carnivore conservation. In general, coercive policies may lead to the deterioration of political legitimacy and\udpotentially to non-compliance issues such as illegal killing, whereas collaborative approaches may lead to psychological\udownership, enhanced trust, learning, and better social outcomes. Sustainable hunting/trapping plays a crucial part in\udthe conservation and management of many large carnivores. There are many different models for how to conserve\udcarnivores effectively across the world, research is now required to reduce uncertainty and examine the effectiveness of\udthese approaches in different contexts.
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